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Life

Can a strange state of matter explain what life is – and how it began?

Laboratory experiments have coaxed simple molecules into states that naturally become more complex, hinting at the origins of evolution itself

By Elise Cutts

22 April 2025

91av. Science news and long reads from expert journalists, covering developments in science, technology, health and the environment on the website and the magazine.

Sam Falconer

Like many young children, was fascinated by the history of life and wanted to dig up dinosaurs when he grew up. But life doesn’t always go to plan, and he ended up becoming not a palaeontologist in the field, but a chemist in the lab. Still, maybe that wasn’t such a departure from his childhood dream. Thanks to a surprise discovery, his work would take him closer than any fossil ever could to the heart of one of the most profound questions about life on Earth.

In 2010, Otto stumbled upon some of the first synthetic molecules that…

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